JIGSAW GENS
“Golden Renegades” at a Glance
A rundown of temporal attributes and historical peers shared by many Gilded Experts
As part of my ongoing “Jigsaw Gens” series, I profile the various American generations (and “microgenerations”) identified by historians.
In This Installment…
Featured Generation: “Golden Renegades” (aka Gilded Experts, Red Shirts, Outlaws, Judicial Gatekeepers, Whistlestops)
Who they are: The third-youngest pre-Hemingrebel generation, coined by William Strauss and Neil Howe in their 1991 book Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069
When they were born: Approximately between 1833–1844
Key Members
Lawmakers & Policy-Shapers: Grover Cleveland, Melville Fuller, William McKinley, Benjamin Harrison, Chief Joseph the Younger, Adlai Stevenson I, Nelson W. Aldrich, P.B.S. Pinchback, Lili’uokalani, John Coit Spooner, Caesar Antoine, John Marshall Harlan Sr., Garret Augustus Hobart, Chipeta, David Josiah Brewer, Robert Smalls, David Kalākaua, Blanche Kelso Bruce, John S. Marmaduke, Touch The Clouds, Rufus Peckham, John Davis Long, Alonzo Ransier, Francis Cockrell, Andrew L. Harris, Gall, James T. Rapier, Henry Billings Brown, Adelbert Ames, Frederick A. Schroeder, Kintpuash, Queen Emma of Hawai’i, Joseph McKenna, Albert Alonzo Ames, George Dexter Robinson, Horace Harmon Lurton, David B. Hill, Charles Phillip Ingalls, Henry McNeal Turner, Godfrey Weitzel, Rebecca Latimer Felton, William Paul Roberts, John Willis Menard, Ouray, Edward M. McCook
Literary Writers: Henry James, Francis Pharcellus Church, Bret Harte, Ina Coolbrith, Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford, Augustin Daly, Clara Augusta Jones Trask, Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, Celia Thaxter, Sidney Lanier, Constance Fenimore Woolson, Marietta Holley, George Alfred Townsend, Charlotte Forten Grimké, Eleanor Agnes Lee, Victor E. Rillieux, Joaquin Miller, Flora Adams Darling, Sarah Carmichael Harrell, Forceythe Willson, Isabella Macdonald Alden, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Simon Newcomb, Annie Somers Gilchrist, James Ryder Randall, Constance Cary Harrison, Abraham Goldfaden, Joseph Bradford, H. Maria George Colby, Lisa Anne Fletcher, Susan Marr Spalding, Denman Thompson, Lillian Rozell Messenger, Rose Eytinge, Matilda Heron, Olive Logan, Henrietta A. Bingham, Maria Louise Eve, Kate Brownlee Sherwood, Hattie Tyng Griswold, Mollie Evelyn Moore Davis, Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, Ada Langworthy Collier, Emeline Harriet Howe, Annie Adams Fields
Journalists & Historians: William Dean Howells, Belle Kellogg Towne, Emily Sherwood Ragan, Henry Brooks Adams, Richard Theodore Greener, Herbert Lawrence Bridgman, Russell Conwell, Henry George, James Pearson Newcomb, Elizabeth Bacon Custer, Addie Brown, John Fiske, Martha Gay Masterson, Nathaniel Burbank, Stilson Hutchins, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, Maria Louise Sanford, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Helen Stuart Campbell, John Milton Hay, Basil W. Duke, Granville D. Hall, James Sanks Brisbin, Louis J. Weichmann, A.W. Merrick, Esther E. Baldwin, Charles Warren Greene, William Henry Gilder, Thomas Morris Chester, Kaufmann Kohler, Francis Ellingwood Abbot, James Monroe Trotter, Kate Field, Whitelaw Reid, Susan F. Ferree, Thomas W. Knox, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Cynthia S. Burnett, Fanny Purdy Palmer, John Thomas Scharf, Catharine H.T. Avery, Lucia Runkle, Eliza Archard Conner, Ellen Browning Scripps
Scientists & Researchers: Elijah McCoy, Harvey Wiley, John Wesley Hyatt, Alexander Miles, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Samuel Pierpont Langley, William James, Margaret Eloise Knight, Josephine Cochrane, William Williams Keen, Charles Sanders Peirce, John Wesley Powell, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, Charles William Eliot, Joshua Slocum, Cleveland Abbe, Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards, Charles Goodnight, John Shaw Billings, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, Erminnie Platt Smith, William Bell Wait, Susan Blow, Estevan Antonio Fuertes, Stephen Moulton Babcock, Paul Du Chaillu, Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Samuel Mudd, George Wallace Melville, Joel Asaph Allen, Buffalo Bird Woman, Clarence King, William Graham Sumner, Mary Johnson Bailey Lincoln, Charles Ammi Cutter, Henry Draper, George William Hill, Samuel Garman, Hiram Maxim, Sarah Newcomb Merrick, Lucy Mabel Hall-Brown, Sherburne Wesley Burnham, Seraph Frissell, Charles Pickard Ware, Louise Woodworth Foss
Athletes: Abraham G. Mills, Joseph “Old Reliable” Start, George Newhall, Daniel Newhall, James D’Wolf Lovett, Paul Morphy, Dickey Pearce, William Henry “Harry” Wright, Jim Creighton, Myron Hazelton, Bob Addy, Charley Smith, Asa Brainard, Fred Crane, Thomas Jefferson Pratt, Arthur P. Gorman, Nicholas Ephraim Young, Alfred James Reach, William Foulkrod, Thomas McKean of Pennsylvania , John P. Green, Charles Vernou, Fergus G. Malone, Jimmy Elliott, Charles Mixer, Rynie Wolters, John C. Heenan, Mike McCoole, P.H. Reid, Charles Calvert, William Sweeney, Joe Coburn, Nicholas E. Young, Andrew Charles Barclay, John Hines, Thomas Morrison Carnegie, James DeKoven
Entrepreneurs & Business Leaders: John D. Rockefeller Sr., Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, Charles Alfred Pillsbury, Aaron Montgomery Ward, Henry John Heinz, Melville Reuben Bissell, Gustavus Franklin Swift, Marshall Field, Adolphus Busch, Milton Bradley, Hetty Green, Elisha Gray, “Big Jim” Fisk Jr., Carolina Lake Ingalls, Asbury Harpending, Robert Hoke, John Wanamaker, William Cornelius Van Horne, Ephraim Shay, Jay Gould, Isaac Kaufmann Funk, William Painter, James Gordon Bennett Jr., William Rockhill Nelson, Andrew Smith Hallidie, Frederick Pabst, Charles Russell Lowell, Nancy “Aunt Jemima” Green, Warren Brown, James Jerome Hill, Edward Porter Alexander, Henry Ware Eliot, Marcus Daly, Henry J. Lutcher, Morgan Bulkely, Ivers Whitney Adams, Charles Sweetser, Marie Azélie Haydel, Francis Tumblety, Helen Ekin Starrett, Laura J. Rittenhouse, Henry Morton Stanley, Agnes Leonard Hill, Benjamin C. Truman
Activists & Organizers: Mother Jones, William H. Seward Jr., George Armstrong Custer, Anthony Comstock, Fanny Jackson Coppin, Henry Martyn Robert, William Clyde Thompson, Phoebe Couzins, Jeb Stuart, Henry McNeal Turner, John Singleton Mosby, Sarah Winnemucca, John Henrie Kagi, George Dewey, Francis Elizabeth Caroline Willard, Eugenio María de Hostos, Horace Porter, Olive Oatman, Adolphus Greely, William B. Cushing, Victoria Woodhull, Robert G. Ingersoll, William Harvey Carney, Sally Louisa Tompkins, Charles Guiteau, Sarah Emma Edmonds, Octavius Catto, George W. De Long, Phoebe Hearst, Emmanuel Stance, Henry Rathbone, Amanda Smith, Lillie Devereux Blake, Sylvester Magee, Caroline A. Hall, Ulric Dahlgren, Rebecca Primus, Wong Chin Foo, Sara Louisa Oberholtzer, Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth, Celia Newsom, John Slocum, Cathay Williams, Lewis Thornton Powell, John R. Thompson
Entertainers: “Wild Bill” Hickock, Adah Isaacs Menken, Steele MacKaye, Kate Denin, James A. Herne, Tony Pastor, John Wilkes Booth, Isabella “Bell” Boyd, Charles Farrar Browne, Edwin Thomas Booth, William Davenport, Edward Harrigan, Sam Lucas, Harry Hawk, Lawrence Barrett, Powhatan Beaty, Lewis Morrison, Belle Boyd, George A. Parkhurst, Mary Devlin Booth, Celia Logan, Donald McKay, John W. Albaugh, Stuart Robson, Daniel E. Bandmann, Elizabeth Crocker Bowers, Mary Maurice, Eugene A. Eberle, Kate Josephine Bateman, Thomas W. Keene, Agnes Booth, John T. Raymond, Mrs. Louise “J.H.” Allen, Pauline Cushman, Bertha Welby, Henry James Montague, Frank M. Mayo, Lotty Hough, Maggie Mitchell, General Tom Thumb, Avonia Jones, Jean Hosmer, Alfreda Chippendale, Julia Dean, Henrietta Baker Chanfrau
Musicians: John Knowles Paine, Manuel Gregorio Tavárez, Clara Kathleen Rogers, Walter Kittredge, David Duffield Wood, Stephen Albert Emery, Ira D. Sankey, James McGranahan, Benjamin Johnson Lang, Dudley Buck, Aldine Silliman Kieffer, Phoebe Knapp, Benjamin Edward Woolf, Hubert Platt Main, Alfred Pease, Whitney Eugene Thayer, Carlos Troyer, Benjamin Hanby, Thomas H. Rollinson, William F. Sudds, Caryl Florio, George Elbridge Whiting, Charles Jerome Hopkins, Karl Merz, Henry Southwick Perkins, Charles R. Adams, Simeon G. Luca, John W. Luca, Augustus Meyers, Clara Louise Kellogg, William Shakespeare Hays, Theodore Thomas, Lucy McKim Garrison, Charles Barney Hicks, Ira D. Sankey, David Braham, Charles Pickard Ware, Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward, Philip Bliss, David Wallis Reeves, Elise Friederike Hensler, William Candidus, Frédéric Louis Ritter, Nellie A. Ramsey Leslie, Mary Alice Seymour
Visual Artists: Edmonia Lewis, Henry Hobson Richardson, Thomas Eakins, James McNeill Whistler, Harriet Powers, Thomas Nast, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, John La Farge, Frank Furness, Grafton Tyler Brown, Archibald Willard, Larkin Goldsmith Mead, Horatio Richmond Palmer, Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Olin Levi Warner, Thomas Nast, William Henry Jackson, Thomas Hovenden, Caroline Shawk Brooks, Robert Wylie, Abigail May Alcott Nieriker, Henry Bacon, Robert Crannell Minor, Elizabeth Jane Gardner, Caroline Morgan Clowes, Thomas Moran, Robert Wilson Andrews, John La Farge, Alexander Helwig Wyant, Edmund Darch Lewis, Caspar Buberl, William Trost Richards, Hugo Wilhelm Arthur Nahl, Margarete Garvin Gillin, Henry Farrer, George Albert Frost, Carl Gutherz, Willis Seaver Adams, Preston Powers, Conrad Wise Chapman, John Ferguson Weir, Alexander Wilson Drake, Giuseppina Morlacchi, Arthur Quartley
Cusp Cohorts
Preceding Microgeneration: “Gilded Architects” (1828–1832)
Prominent “Gilded Architects”: Chester Arthur, Louisa May Alcott, Geronimo, William Francis Allen, John Pemberton, Sitting Bull, Levi Strauss, Belva Ann Lockwood, Mary Gannon, James A. Garfield, Patrick Gilmore, William Le Baron Jenney, Horace Gray, Emily Dickinson, John George Nicolay, David Edward Hughes, John “Old Smoke” Morrissey, Grenville M. Dodge, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Hermann Vezin, Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Edward Ferrero, Horatio Alger, Simon Pokagon, Howell Edmunds Jackson, Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford, Francis Bicknell Carpenter, Philip Danforth Armour, Harriet Giles, Joseph Jefferson III, Charles Crozat Converse, Black Hawk, Henry Teller, Helen Hunt Jackson, Andrew Dickson White, Mary Edwards Walker, Deerfoot, George Pullman, John Aaron Rawlins, Mary E. Webb, Henry Clay Work, Dat So La Lee, Asaph Hall, John Mercer Langston, Zebulon Vance, Clara Hamilton Harris, Rebecca Lee Crumpler, Henry Flagler, Standing Bear, Carl Schurz, James G. Blaine, Charles Dudley Warner, Jennie Carter, Silas Weir Mitchell, William Sooy Smith, John Batterson Stetson, Eliza Ann Gardner, William J. Le Moyne, Sarah Boone, Albert Bierstadt, George Shiras Jr., Mary Mapes Dodge, Joaquin Murrieta, Horatio Storer, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, William Hulbert, José Agustín Quintero, Sarah J. Garnet, Edward G. Walker, Lester Allan Pelton, Harriet Hosmer, Romualdo Pacheco, Mary Hunt, Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, Ah Toy, George Francis Train, Lucy Pickens, Isaac Shadd, Julius Sterling Morton, George Aiken, Oliver Otis Howard, Mary Harris Thompson, John Wesley Hillman, Clement Studebaker, Alphonso Bowers, Charlotte Woodward Pierce, Henry Jerome Brown, John McCullough, George Brayton, Ely S. Parker
Subsequent Microgeneration: “The Late-Goldens” (1845–1849)
Prominent “Late-Goldens”: Thomas Edison, Jesse James, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Joseph Pulitzer, Alexander Graham Bell, Wyatt Earp, Lip Pike, “Blind” Tom Wiggins, Francis Davis Millet, William R. Day, Buffalo Bill, James Whitcomb Riley, Lewis Howard Latimer, Jacob Riis, Sergeant Moses Williams, John Ware, Edward Everett Rice, Howling Wolf, Edward Douglass White, Jennie Lee, Emma Lazarus, Finis Bates, Luther Burbank, Maritcha Remond Lyons, George Westinghouse, William R. Pettiford, George Wright, Silas Gamaliel Pratt, Daniel Burnham, Isidor Straus, “Texas Jack” Omohundro, George Franklin Grant, Carrie Nation, Abbott Handerson Thayer, Ella Flagg Young, Arthur MacArthur Jr., Mary Eliza Mahoney, We’wha, Sigismund Danielewicz, Edward Charles Pickering, Toby “Winema” Riddle, Jacob Schiff, Anna Howard Shaw, José Gautier Benítez, Quanah Parker, Belle Starr, Alexander Calder, Owl Woman, Bruce Price, Moorfield Storey, Andrew Jackson Beard, Frank Manley Warren Sr., LaMarcus Adna Thompson, Seth Bullock, Caroline Yale, William Kissam Vanderbilt, Solomon Schechter, Wyatt Easton, Sarah Orne Jewett, William Keith Brooks, Julian A. Scott, Sarah Frances Whiting, Elihu Root, James A. Bailey, Deacon White, Thomas Westendorf, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Green McCurtain, Effie Germon, Joel Chandler Harris, Albert Edward Winship, Isabel Barrows, Kicking Bear, Harriet Hubbard Ayer, Edward Julius Biedermann, David Pendleton Oakerhater, William Lewis Douglas, Lotta Crabtree, John Hunn, Frederick Gleason, Elizabeth Harrison, William Saunders Crowdy, Henry Clay Frick, Ira Remsen, George Washington Williams, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Mary Foot Seymour, George Lawrence Mabson, John Thomas Douglass, Whitcomb L. Judson
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